Book
I, The Descent
Motto by Robert Louis Stevenson:
"As
long as you keep in the upper regions, with all the world
bowing to you as you go, social arrangements have a very
handsome air, but once get under the wheels, and you wish
society were at the devil. I will give most respectable
men a fortnight of such a life, and then I will offer
them twopence for what remains of their morality."
Book
I, Chapter 1, I Emigrate:
Phil Branden
describes how, at age 24, he crossed the Atlantic on board
of a White Star Liner from Liverpool to Montreal. It was
late in July, and he had to make do with "second
cabin." He explains his affluent Anglo-Swedish family
background, his cosmopolitan upbringing, and the circumstances
leading to his emigration: just as he was ready to explore
more of the world, his plans were curtailed by his father's
sudden poverty. This shock is compounded by the refusal
of wealthy friends to lend him the money his father could
no longer provide. Not long after this, his father died
a hermit in Étaples,
France. The last straw was that Phil found himself snubbed
by former acquaintances in a Stockholm café. He therefore
decided to turn his back on Europe. His destination he
left up to chance, and since the first available boat
was bound for Canada, Canada happened to be his lot.
Note that thanks to the precision of the clues planted
in these first few pages of A Search for America,
Greve's second class passage in late July 1909 on the
White Star Liner Megantic
could at last be documented in late 1998, after several
decades of fruitless searching by numerous scholars. The
immigration records in Ottawa confirm beyond the four
facts mentioned in the text - a ship of the White
Star Line, the second class accommodation, the month of
travel (July), and the route from Liverpool to Montreal
-- that FPG was German, and that he was 30 years old.
Since Phils age in ASA is so emphatically 24, it
is worth looking at what Greve was doing when he was twenty-four.
Since he was born in 1879, this leads us to 1903, which
was indeed a memorable year for Greve:
he eloped with Else Endell to Palermo in late January;
he was arrested for fraud in Bonn; in late May, he started
serving his prison term in this city where he had previously
been a student of archaeology. In prison, he established
his incredibly prolific translation career with several
works by H. G. Wells
and André Gide. For
details of Greves passage and its implications for
Groves autobiographical fiction, see detailed entries
in the UMLs online catalogue BISON,
and Divays contribution to Walter
Paches Festschrift, 2000 (submitted in
January 1999, shortly after the important discovery, but
not published until January 2000). For Greves activities
during this time, see the UM Archives' Spettigue Collection,
and there in particular, Greves correspondence with
Gide, Wolfskehl,
and O. A. H. Schmitz [from Deutsches Literatur-Archiv,
Marbach], as well as a complete set of his letters to
Insel Publishers [from Weimar archives] and H. G. Wells
[from University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign] in the
UM Archives' Divay Collection.
Book
I, Chapter 2, I Land on American Soil:
Phil portrays himself in the immigration
hall of Montreal, with many pieces of luggage and overcoats.
He boards the train for Toronto, and is at pains trying
to find a plausible reason for this choice of destination.
In spite of Phil's ability to hide his feelings behind
impenetrable masks, a fellow passenger on the train knows
that Phil has stepped straight off the boat, and he tells
Phil what he can expect for wages, by way of his own example
and that of his fifteen year old son.
Note: For
the first time, Phil resorts here to his failing memory.
It will be evoked whenever something refuses to fit into
his/the authors narrative. Bruce Thomson, who unearthed
the passage documents in Ottawa in mid-October 1998 with
support of the FPG Endowment Fund, believes that Grove
had bought a package-deal which included railroad travel
from London to Liverpool before, and from Montreal to
Toronto after the week-long sea voyage. The emphasis on
masks evokes both Nietzsche
and Oscar Wilde, and
can be interpreted as one of the numerous veiled references
to Greves past, and here specifically to his early
preoccupation with these two authors.
Book
I, Chapter 3, I Secure Work:
Phil describes his experiences in Toronto, where he lives in
a rented room downtown. He follows up on the advertisements
in newspapers, but does not easily find suitable work.
Discouraged, he decides to apply for a waiter's position.
In an elegant restaurant, his hopes are raised when he
can demonstrate his fluency in Parisian French. However,
he is judged unsuitable for the position, precisely because
his refinement makes him overqualified. The rejection
is softened slightly by the kind advice to apply for a
job at a nearby establishment. There, Phil is hired in
the lowly capacity of an "omnibus," or a waiter's
helper.
Book
I, Chapter 4, I Submerge:
Phil describes in graphic detail the hellish
onslaught of the rushed luncheon crowds. Little else actually
happens in this chapter: Phil arrives, literally descends
into the locker room which is an underground cave"
(p. 37). The manager assigns him to an experienced waiter
who shows Phil around, and instructs him in his duties.
When the customers arrive, all hell breaks loose. Twice,
the term "hell" is used explicitly, once by
the good-hearted waitress Ella (p. 53), and again by Phil
himself who confirms Ellas comparison (p. 58). When
the "battle" is over, and the "avalanche
of dishes" (p. 59) has finally slowed down, only
Frank, whom Ella describes as the best among all the waiters
(p. 53), is not utterly exhausted and still cheerful.
Note: The description of the working conditions in the
cheap eatery is excellent:
it provides an impressive
example of the narrative techniques practiced by FPG,
and has been compared to Dante's Inferno. There
is no doubt that Grove is at his best when he can, like
here, make a display of his superior education, and apply
his ability to juggle with various layers of meaning.
He imitates his admired model Flaubert, whose symbolic
realism is a happy blend of the objective descriptions
characteristic of realism, and of the metaphoric or mythological
dimensions of symbolism. Symbolic realism
avoids the excesses of both these literary trends. Greve
adopted Flauberts
aesthetics while in Bonn prison in 1903/4. As Grove, he
remained faithful to his new masters ideals. To
confer the august title Master was a common
affectation in Stefan
Georges entourage, and for his poetry, FPG applied
Georges techniques throughout his life. For his
prose works, however, Greve had replaced his previous
Master, Oscar
Wilde, with Flaubert by 1904. This change of heart
represented a 180-degree turn-about in the decadent lart-pour-lart
dichotomy of "Art" and "Life". See
Greves confessional letters to
Gide, UML Archives, Spettigue & Divay Collections,
Mss 57 & Mss 12.
Book
I, Chapter 5, I Earn a Promotion:
Phil reflects on his lowly position in
the hierarchy of the restaurant, and how the waiters treat
him accordingly, despite his vastly superior education.
His well-bred origins are of no use in this environment.
Phil is intrigued by the cavernous old man,
whom he had already noticed on his first day. He wonders
why this "veteran of waiterdom" has not risen
in the ranks of the restaurant, being on the continent
of equal opportunities (p 63). The old man blames Mr.
Carlton, the manager, for not keeping his promise of promotion.
Phil asks Ella why the old man had not opted for retirement,
finds out that no social security system is in place,
and observes in retrospect that he was advocating "socialism"
like he had seen it practiced by Bernard Shaw (p. 69).
There is a hilarious description of the crude staff in
the kitchen: "They called me 'the baron' there, addressed
me as 'Sir Phil', and in high-sounding phrases spoke to
me mostly of things and parts of the body that will not
bear print." The "mutual dislike" reigning
in the kitchen is compensated by the excellent rapport
he develops with the star-waiter Frank. Phil is doing
so well, that he is promoted after only five days. Elated
by this success, Phil indulges in highflying plans. For
several pages he expounds a Nietzschean view of "genius",
of "leadership" reserved to men of vision, and
of nations who can become "great" rather than
rich by championing "practical things" (p. 73-75).
He describes how he ingratiates himself with his first
patrons, and the generous tips he consequently receives
from them. The only depressing part of Phils success
is the old man who is deeply hurt by being surpassed once
again.
Note that Grove implies that he knew Shaw personally.
Greve could have met him on one or the other of his
visits to H. G. Wells
in 1904, 1905 or 1906. These are attested in his correspondence
with Gide (UM Archives, Spettigue Collection, Mss 57)
and H. G. Wells (UM Archives, Divay Collection, Mss12).
Else reports independently in her autobiography that Wells
was expecting Shaw on one occasion, but that he failed
to come. Later, Else chose Shaw and Gide, among others,
as targets for her letters of extortion, urging them to
support her and her art (around 1920/21, in her collection
at the University of Maryland, College Park; copies also
in UML Archives, and in Divay Collection).
Book
I, Chapter 6, I Meet the Explanation for One Kind of Success:
This chapter is devoted to Phil's friend
Frank, who is described as having superior qualities and
who seems far more refined than the rest of the staff.
To show just how crude his colleagues are, Phil describes
a gross scene he has witnessed: a coarse, disgruntled
waiter spits into the soup of a dissatisfied customer,
and proceeds to serve it anew, to the delight of the employees.
Only Phil and Frank abstain from falling in with the merriment.
Frank has confided in Phil that he was really a trained
engineer. Phil only learns later that this professional
label has a rather loose definition in America, where
it ranges "from the street-car driver to Thomas A.
Edison" (p. 83). Frank is furthering his education
with correspondence courses. He lets Phil know that everybody,
including Frank himself, have the highest regards for
Phils aptitude as a waiter. Only Frank is a cut
above him in this respect. Frank also initiates Phil into
the trade mysteries of extracting good tips: he forgets
to charge for several refills of pie and coffee, or he
orders an expensive dish for his customer, while charging
him for a cheaper choice. For these crooked transactions,
he is rewarded with hefty tips. Phil is aghast, and loses
instantly much of his admiration for Frank. After preaching
a bit on morals in general, and insisting once again on
his "arduous task of telling the truth, he
confesses that it was the pettiness of Frank's "graft"
which repulsed him. Had the crime been bolder, it might
even have appealed to him on aesthetic grounds (p. 86-87).
Frank justifies his questionable behaviour with the urgency
to make fast money, regardless of the means: he has left
a hysterical wife in Buffalo, and he has assumed a false
name. He also argues that "graft" is practiced
everywhere, and on a far larger scale (p. 88). Phil insists
that, no matter how dire the circumstances or how far-spread
the corruption, he would never take part in any dishonest
venture. But Phil also asserts that he can sympathize
with Franks marriage problems: he has had opportunity
to observe many a difficult union in Europe, where a trend
towards "five-year trial marriages" was apparently
in fashion. Frank, who wants to remain in Phil's good
graces, suggests that Phil go to New York, where Frank
once worked as "a waiter at Sherry's, and as a bell-hop
at the Belmont" (p. 91), and where his connections
might be of service to Phil.
Note: Frank is so similar to Phil
that he is clearly conceived as an alter ego of
the author-narrator. With the soup anecdote, Grove allows
the reader an intimate glimpse into his impressionistic
technique of realism: in order to justify its inclusion
in his
narrative, Phil
remarks that it is meant as "one glaring colour-patch"
in his tableau of the cheap restaurant. About p. 83: a
euphemism for the position of Greve's father in Hamburg
was "civil-servant." He was in fact a "tram
conductor" and a "collector" of tram fares
(Spettigue, FPG, p. 36). About p. 92: Franks
abandonment mirrors Greves, who unilaterally ended
his common-law union with Else by leaving her in Sparta,
Kentucky. Like in Phils reported experience, their
trial marriage had lasted five years, from
1904, when Greve was released from prison, to 1909 when
he left Berlin with an alleged suicide. Else, in her
open recollections,
counts differently, and arrives at a time-span nearly
twice as long: from October 1902, when she became infatuated
with Greve, to the summer or fall of 1911, when he permanently
disappeared from Kentucky and from her life. From her
perspective, their relationship lasted indeed almost a
decade (AB, p. 30). About ASA, p. 91: Phils reasons
for moving to New York are very tenuous and lack conviction.
The aesthetic grounds of Phil's judgement on Frank's crookedness
are interesting, and
recall Gide's essay about his first encounter with Greve
in June 1904: the ethics and aesthetics of crime, even
murder, were part of what was much later published as
"Conversation
avec un Allemand" -- a historical-critical edition
of this text was prepared by the eminent Gide scholar
Claude Martin in the Bulletin des amis d'André Gide.
Book
I, Chapter 7, I Move on:
After only three of the seven weeks he works in the Toronto restaurant,
Phil rises to the top, and is outdoing even Frank. He
describes in three examples how his own, utterly honest
methods are rewarded with generous tips given by grateful
customers. Then Phil feels the need to justify why he
is dwelling so much on his experience as a waiter: it
gave him confidence in himself, and without it, he "might
have gone down into the underworld "with which [he]
was to come into contact anyway" (p. 99). One Sunday
in September, he experiences "Nature" in a Toronto
park. Then the "captain" at the restaurant is
more or less dismissed, and Phil feels that he ought to
be given the function of seating the customers. But his
hopes do not materialize. When the new captain turns out
to be a rather unpleasant individual, who takes offence
when Phil is serving his accustomed clientele, Phil decides
to leave. He follows his intuition, and believes in a
highly successful future for himself in New York. After
soliciting addresses from Frank and bidding him farewell,
he departs for the metropolis. On his way, he looks up
Frank's parents in Buffalo, as he had promised. There,
an unexpectedly cold welcome awaits him, which leaves
him in such a depressed mood that even the grand spectacle
of the nearby Niagara Falls fails to cheer him. Reflecting
about his situation, he reaches the conclusion that "economic
success," the very reason why he has come to America,
is not essential to his or anybody else's well-being,
and that his "search for this one bit of soil which
might fill [his] needs might not be a geographical search
at all" (p. 115-116).
Note about p. 99: the nature description
in the Toronto park and similar lyrical passages are reminiscent
of several autumn poems by both FPGs. The "economic
success" mentioned here is the first subtle intimation
that Phil/Greve had counted on material success when he opted
for America. Else expresses Greve's ambitions less neutrally
in her remark that he had planned to become a "business
genius or potato king" (AB, p. 34).
Back
to the Contents
of F. P. Grove's A Search for America, e-Edition
2005
Book
II, The Relapse
Motto by Henry David Thoreau:
"The
cost of a thing is the amount of what I will call life
which is required to be exchanged for it, immediately
or in the long run."
Book
II, Chapter 1, The Issue is Obscured:
Phil arrives in Jersey City in the early morning of
a beautiful, clear autumn day. Studying his map, he walks
to the address of Frank's lodgings, and finds to his dismay
that it is fictitious. In Madison
Square he consults his guidebook and, avoiding "the
Astor, the Waldorf, the Knickerbocker, and the Plaza,
he chooses at random among the more modest hotels. He
takes a room (with bath) in the Prince George Hotel on
27th Street. After he has checked in, he goes to relax
in Bronx Park. In the evening, while reading in the lobby
of his hotel, he falls victim to a pair of crooks: young
Hannan from St. Louis, "the city of beer, tobacco
and boots" (p. 123), strikes up an acquaintance with
Phil. They transfer to the Holland House near-by, and
there they run into the drunk tobacco planter Howard from
Missouri. Howard forces himself and a bottle of champaign
"Mumm, extra dry" onto Hannan and Phil (p. 126),
and proposes a game of luck. Hannan urges Phil to play
along, under the pretext of winning an impressive roll
of bills away from Howard, and thus safeguard it for him.
Phil admits to the reader that he is not altogether inexperienced
at gambling (p. 129). The game he now indulges in is called
"flip" and it is played by throwing three coins.
The scene takes place in a side-room, where first beer,
then whiskey are served. Howard drinks a lot, Phil sips
moderately, and Hannan does not drink at all. Howard pulls
out a wad of 10,000-dollar bills, Phil produces $60 (p.
133). Just when Howard is giving up, and Phil is about
to pick up $250 of his winnings, he is called to the telephone.
Nobody is on the other end of the line, and when he returns,
there is sign of neither Howard nor Hannan. At his hotel,
Phil discovers that Hannan is not registered there at
all, and only now he realizes that he has been conned
(p. 137). The next day, he finds out exactly how he was
duped: he makes arrangements to rent a room on a weekly
basis, and when he checks out of his hotel, he is arrested.
The one-hundred dollar bill he was using to settle his
bill turned out to be counterfeit. At the police station,
Phil reports on his experience with his two gambling partners
from the night before, learns that they are well-known
crooks, nicknamed "Han the Hook and Big Heinie,"
and is set free to go (p. 142).
Note:
Grove's 1909 edition of Baedeker' guide to the United
States is extant in the UML Rare Book Room's Frederick
Philip Grove Library Collection. The Prince George Hotel
was very close to Madison Square, where Phil consults
his guide-book. It is among the hotels described in Grove's
Baedeker
on p. 13. Located at "27th St., between
Fifth Ave. and Madison Ave.;" it is "suitable
for ladies, R. with bath from $2", and can be found
in square F3 on the big coloured fold-out map between
pp.10 & 11, and also on Map II, "Centre of New
York", between p. 42/43. Near-by Holland House on
Fifth Ave and 30th St., where the gambling
takes place, is listed on p. 12. See detail on Baedeker's
map "Centre
of New York". About FPG's gambling experience,
see the rumours about Greve's habits in a letter to Insel
Publishers in November 1902 in the UM Archives' Divay
Collection. This manuscript source from the Insel Archives
in Weimar is also published, in German and English, in
Desmond
Pacey's fine edition of FPG's
Letters, 1976, 522-524.
Book
II, Chapter 2, I Scour the City for Work:
Looking for work, Phil finds out that all of Frank's connections
are not any more real than the one he has already tried
in vain. Frank fails to answer Phil's letters, and when
Phil finally receives a reply from Frank's mother, he
learns that to her knowledge, Frank has never been to
New York. To compound his misery, Phil now finds his photo
on the front page of the newspapers, depicting him as
a hardened counterfeit criminal (p. 144). And two employment
agencies offer little encouragement, though one sends
him for a position at the famous Belmont Hotel. When he
enters through the main portal, he is indignantly motioned
to the servants' entrance. Interviewed in English, French,
and German, he is accepted, once again, as "an omnibus"
(p. 148), but this time, formal attire and black "swallow-tails"
are required. The pay is $4 a week, a grave disappointment
to Phil, who has earned double this amount in Toronto,
and whose new lodging alone costs him $5. Seeing Phil's
dismay, the hotel's recruitment "captain" suddenly
flies into a rage, and dismisses Phil with an outburst
of unprovoked abuse. Now Phil decides that, for the fortune
of $90, he will advertise his services in three major
newspapers (p. 150). While waiting for a suitable response,
he enjoys the beautiful September days. He explains how
his rapport with nature has been of an abstract, literary
kind so far. So, for instance, had his experience of Italy
been mediated by "Goethe, Browning, Byron, Shelley"
and "Beethoven, Wagner, Tchaikowsky" (p. 152).
Sitting at a beach on the Atlantic coast, he reflects
on the billions of shells that make up the fine, white
sands. It occurs to him that he also is like "such
a shell thrown on these shores, in the process of being
ground to pieces and fragments, in order to furnish the
soil for others to stand on." When he returns to
New York, his mood is "nearly suicidal" (p.
153). Not one of the fifteen replies he receives for his
lavish advertisement is suitable. His aspirations and
his savings are dwindling fast, though he starts to walk
and lives on forty-five cents a day. He applies for work
at banks, at bookstores, at a cable company, at an agency
for servants, and even at the slaughterhouses -- all to
no avail. He first sells his expensive clothes, then his
rare books. But he also escapes into reading, and discovers
American literature, especially "Lincoln, Lowell,
Thoreau" (p. 162). Then, one day, he is visited by
an agent of "Dr. Elliot's Five-Foot Shelf of the
Best Books of the World," and he is "fascinated
by a display of oratorical and histrionic powers ..."
(p. 165). According to his caller, wages in this line
of work average twelve dollars a day, and there are plenty
of openings, as pertinent classified sections of the newspapers
prove.
Note: Various German book-dealers, where Phil allegedly sells his books, are
marked off in pencil in Grove's 1909 Baedeker on
p. 25. Their addresses on Broadway, 16th or 33rd St.,
Park or 6th Avenues are all within easy walking distance
from Madison Square and the Prince George Hotel where Phil stayed
initially. Phil's financial situation is not convincingly
described he spends $5 a week for his room, and
$90 for his advertisements. How he becomes a book-agent
is equally unconvincing, after his claims of having hunted
high and low for almost any kind of job.
Book
II, Chapter 3, I Go on the Road:
Following up on three branches of the same publishing firm, Phil's
application is accepted by the third. Mr. Tinker, the
senior sales-person there, teaches Phil "the canvass,"
the ready-made sales strategy for selling the books. Phil
is "swept off [his] feet" by Tinker's skilled
demonstration (p. 169). He learns that the Travellogues
come in three different bindings, but are sold on the
same terms: $2 down, $2 in monthly payments for a variety
of duration. Phil returns the next day, having mastered
the canvass exceptionally fast and well. Equipped with
a long list of "do's" and "don'ts",
he is released into the field, a none-too-prosperous neighbourhood
in the Bronx. After a week of thirty calls a day, and
eighteen "interviews," he is both exhausted
and discouraged, because he has not been able to sell
a single set of books. Phil's problem is that he cannot
press for a sale, being sympathetic with the financial
plights of his potential customers. Mr. Tinker points
out that their sales are "missionary work,"
and that the agents know better than their clients what
is good for them (p. 171). A second week goes by without
a sale, and now Mr. Tinker accompanies Phil to help him
get over his "weakness in closing" (p. 178).
With his expertise, Mr. Tinker succeeds in selling a set
to a poor, elderly lady. Despite this success, Phil decides
that he cannot and will not sell in impoverished neighbourhoods.
The sales-tactics he has witnessed remind him of prey
animals -- a cat, a hawk, or a snake -- when they are
closing in for the kill. Mr. Tinker is
disappointed by Phil's squeamishness, but he allows him
to work in the open country as part of a crew under the
leadership of a certain Mrs. McMurchy.
Book
II, Chapter 4, I Seek New Fields:
Phil meets the crew, which, besides the
leader, consists of a middle-aged lady, Mrs. Coldwell;
a winning young man called Mr. Ray, and Mrs. Henders,
"a pretty little Jewess" (p. 184).* Phil quickly
becomes the social centre of the small group, and, of
course, its most successful member in sales. He describes
how he sells three sets in short succession, each to a
young and happy couple. Very humourous are his observations
about an ongoing feud between the leader Mrs. McMurchy
and Mrs. Coldwell, regarding their respective family backgrounds,
and the importance of their late husbands (p. 195). The
winter months fly by with combing the countryside of New
York and Connecticut. Phil becomes quite disillusioned
when, against Mr. Tinker's explicit warning, he actually
reads what he sells, and finds it far from inspiring (p.
202). Just as Phil thinks about changing company, watchdogs
attack him while on duty, and he is released from his
sales obligations with $150 severance pay.
Note: *Every once in a while, FPG will reveal racial prejudices
of this kind. It is sad to say that compared to Else's
blatant antisemitic slurs, Greve/Grove's racist lapses
appear relatively minor.
Book
II, Chapter 5, I Join a New Company:
In New York, Phil calls "on Mr. Wilbur, the president of
the North American Historians' Publishing Company"
(p. 207). This prestigious establishment has recently
brought out "a composite history of the world"
written by the best scholars in the field. From the presumptuous
office floor of a Manhattan skyscraper, Wilbur takes Phil
for lunch to his favourite, exclusive Club in a limousine.
There, Phil has occasion to impress his host with a superior
knowledge of fine wines. Wilbur, in turn, explains that
he is selling exclusively the de-luxe edition of the twenty-volume
history set, which can be had elsewhere in a popular edition
for $60. The physical aspects of Wilbur's product are
more important to his clientele than the scholarly content.
The bindings in parchment or morocco leather imitate those
of famous rare books, which brings the price up to $500-$1,400.
With a commission of 20%, Phil can expect to earn between
$100-$280 a month, even if he were to sell only a single
set. In this line of work his continental "lisp and
drawl" and his elegance are not regarded a hindrance.
They are rather considered an asset in view of a privileged
clientele (p. 213). For starters, Phil will accompany
an experienced agent to Pittsburgh, where an appointment
with a "steel-magnate" named Kirsty has been
arranged (p. 215). Phil stands by and observes how Williams
skillfully sells the gullible industrialist no. 8 of the
numbered and limited edition in parchment bindings. When
Phil later asks Williams if there really were only four
sets left of the precious numbered edition, Williams is
much amused by Phil's naivety, and threatens to order
him milk in a bottle to express his contempt for such
incredible ignorance about the finer points of business
deals.
Book
II, Chapter 6, I Land Somewhere:
Back in New York, Phil asks permission to sell the books strictly
for their scholarly merit. Reluctantly, Wilbur agrees,
and arranges for an appointment with a prospective client
in Connecticut. Although Dr. Watson has no money himself
to buy the books on the spot, Phil manages
to sell two sets to the doctor's local friends. Instead
of objecting to the term payments Phil has arranged with
these two clients, Mr. Wilbur is only mildly reproachful
that Phil has not sold more expensive kinds of the set.
He also seems to worry that Phil has made promises for
a particular number of the limited edition, and he is
visibly relieved when Phil can reassure him on that point.
It never even occurred to Phil to mention any other than
the lowest priced option of the prestige edition. (p.
234). Phil is now sent to Cleveland, Lansing, and Grand
Rapids for a week, and he returns without any sales. His
report of this futile excursion convinces Mr. Wilbur to
let him sell the books to scholars in New England, at
his own risk. On the first anniversary of his immigration,
Phil is in a mood of "retrospection" (p. 235;
that first anniversary points to August of 1910). He is
cultivating an ardent admiration for Nature, the simple
life, and for Lincoln. Matthew Arnold's essays he throws
into the fire, because the critic dared call Lincoln "crude"
(p. 237). Phil's aims have changed from "making his
pile" -- yet another confirmation that Greve harboured
materialistic ambitions in America! -- to more nebulous,
idealistic goals, namely, the quest for "the real
America." The reflective mood has a negative effect
on his sales. In spite of another day with a double success,
Phil has to dip deeply into his expense account. The next
time he sees Wilbur, he is deeply indebted to him. Wilbur
himself seems changed, he looks exhausted and nervous.
Once more, he sends Phil along with Williams, this time
to a location in up-state New York. During the ten-hour
ride, Williams explains to a shocked and disillusioned
Phil, that the entire undertaking is "a con-game
on a gigantic scale." But the only thing Williams
objects to is the danger of pursuing three prospects in
the same small town (p. 240). Phil wishes to withdraw
immediately from such a crooked operation, but he gives
in to Williams' plea to accompany him. They find all three
of the potential buyers assembled in the same room. Rather
than showing any inclination of buying one of the expensive
sets, they have notified the police. Williams has the
decency to exclude Phil from this ugly situation, and
soon gives full "state's evidence" against Wilbur.
The latter has meanwhile fled to safety with at least
"a cool million" dollars, by Williams' calculations
(p. 241, 246).
Note: In November 1999, the publisher and the title of this set
of a comprehensive world history in 20 volumes was identified. Also, Mr. Wilbur or the venture's figure-head,
and FPG's function within the publishing firm have been
ascertained. And there are traces of a lawsuit waged against
this publisher by an individual in Rochester in upstate
New York, in 1910: the publisher lost the initial round,
appealed, and lost again. The sketchy information does
unfortunately not reveal the substance of the dispute,
but it is hoped that further research will confirm that
this was a fraud case in the near future.
Book
II, Chapter 7, I Wind Things Up:
Phil returns to New York, hedging vague plans "of breaking
away" and going "out west" (p. 248). At
random, he finds a useful formula in Carlyle's Sartor
Resartus, namely, the advice to lower his expectations
in return for increased happiness (p. 250). Phil wants
to put this ingenious principle of a stoic flavour into
practice by looking for a hotel in an outright cheap New
York neighbourhood. But he runs into his friend from the
Travellogue team, young Ray, who lodges him for
free. Phil now sells the remainder of his expensive wardrobe,
except for an "English riding suit with breeches
... and a raincoat." He even hands his cherished
books over to Ray, taking only the New Testament
and the Odyssey with him. Having thus reduced his
worldly possessions to an absolute minimum, he sets out
on his tramp "in search of Abraham Lincoln"
(p. 253).
Note: See below for Carlyle's sentence, which is used as
the motto for Book Three, ASA, p. [255].
Back
to the Contents of F. P.
Grove's A Search for America, e-Edition 2005
Book
III, The Depths
Motto
by Thomas Carlyle:
"The
fraction of Life can be increased in value not so much
by increasing your Numerator as by lessening your Denominator."
Book
III, Chapter 1, I Go Exploring:
In the
first chapter of Book Three, Phil confesses that for the
following episodes his memories are dulled, and that he
feels obliged to leave out what he cannot pinpoint with
precision (p. 257). Allegedly, he turns south and west via Newark in New Jersey, then Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and
the Susquehanna valley in Pennsylvania. Every once in
a while, Phil feels the need to say something like "I
don't remember a great deal of this part of my tramps"
(p. 269), or to explain that he kept a notebook, which
unfortunately "seems to have been lost" (p.
270). The reader knows from the changes in the seasons
mentioned in the text, that Phil turns his back on New
York and starts to live like a tramp in the late summer
or early fall of his second year in America.
Note: The reference to the Susquehanna river is an indirect homage
to the English romantics Coleridge and Southey who, influenced
by Rousseau's ideas, planned to establish an utopian "pantisocracy"
there in 1794. All the rather unconvincing excuses of
Phil/Grove's failing memory, the lost notebook, etc.,
are a poor justification why this chapter, and the next,
fall short of the vivid narrative the reader has enjoyed
in the previous two books. The real reason is, we believe,
that Grove has simply not experienced what he has his
mouthpiece Phil Branden describe here. In reality, Else
rejoined Greve in Pittsburgh in June 1910, in time for
the first anniversary of his new life (Spettigue,
in his introduction of Else's autobiography as Baroness
Elsa, 1992, p. 24). We know from her frank autobiography,
that he spent his second year with her on a small farm
in Kentucky, not far from Cincinnati, and that he left
her there and then in the summer of 1911 (AB, p. 72, 36).
That the location was near "Sparta, Kentucky, am
Eagle Creek" we know exclusively from the dedication
on Else's German poem "Schalk" at the University of Maryland,
College Park. It was first published as a facsimile in
the bilingual
edition of Grove/Greve' German and English poetry,
Poems/Gedichte, 1993, p. 49b).
Book
III, Chapter 2, I Lose Sight of Mankind:
Here, Phil follows the
Ohio River, allegedly along the West Virginia border.
Somewhere in the neighbourhood of Wheeling, he falls ill
with "a touch of pleurisy" (p. 277). The river
rises, and from its raging flood-waters, he rescues a
teakettle, a pumpkin, a ham, a table -- in short, all
one can desire for a hearty meal, and more: swimming out
into the roaring floods, he also manages to assemble enough
material for a raft. As irony will have it, his raft-trip,
which provides him with enough experiences to fill a book
and which he remembers in vivid detail, he cannot dwell
on: it must be skipped, because all of a sudden he realizes
that "it has little bearing upon the present story"
(p. 282). He only is willing to tell the reader how he
lost his raft one night in a vicious storm (p. 284). Miraculously,
his coats (this is the first mention that he carried more
than one coat with him!), his kettle, his oatmeal and
his tea have survived the accident. He notices that the
crops have been harvested, and starts worrying about the
approach of winter.
Note: The adventures in this chapter are suspiciously like those
like those in Mark Twain's Tom
Sawyer (1876) and Huckleberry Finn (1884).
Greve likely did
live through an episode of tramping, but a year later
than he says in his story, and elsewhere. Rather than
starting out from New York, he would have followed the
Ohio River south from Sparta and Warsaw towards Carrollton
or Louisville, and on the Kentucky rather than on the
Indiana banks of the river. Kentucky is not mentioned
once, and the entire year with Else is conspicuously lacking
in A Search for America. Grove felt perhaps, that
he had dealt with the entire Else complex in Settlers
of the Marsh in 1925. As a result, Phil Branden's
narrative only covers two-and-a-half of the three-and-a-half
years FPG spent in the U.S. When Grove mentions nearly
twenty years later that "in 1893, at the end of the
year, I settled down to write the story of what I had
lived through since August, 1892" (ISM, p. 181),
he seems to have forgotten his own text-internal timing
of his 1927 Search. After one year on American
soil, Grove's Phil is still peddling books in New England.
The discrepancy between the real and the told time-frame
may be an indication that Grove initially meant to limit
his story to his early experiences in America, from his
arrival in August 1909 to his reunion with Else in June
1910.
Book
III, Chapter 3, I Come into Contact with Humanity again:
Phil watches a man in a boat, struggling against an eddy. When
he falls into the water, Phil realizes that the man cannot
swim, and he promptly rescues him from drowning (p. 288).
For three days he lives with this man, to whom he attributes
"a face like Mark
Twain" (p. 289). Not a single word is exchanged
during this time, and Phil concludes that he has rescued
a deaf-mute. Only when Phil rolls up his bundle when he
is about to leave, his host articulates, with enormous
difficulty, two words of consent (p. 297). Next, Phil
joins a chatty vagrant at his camp-fire for a tasty squirrel-stew.
This man tells him proudly that he is wanted "for
bravery" in Cincinnati (p. 301). He has assaulted
a guard, so he could have a roof over his head in prison.
Soon, he will ask a friend to call the police for yet
another arrest. All concerned will gain by this arrangement:
the vagrant has a shelter for the coming winter, the friend
reaps a substantial cash reward, and the authorities have
apprehended another fugitive. As they part, the man tells
Phil about a large farm near Cincinnati where he might
find work.
Note: The imitation of Mark Twain we observed earlier in relation
to the previous chapter is confirmed here by the explicit
reference to this writer.
Book
III, Chapter 4, I Try to Find Work for the Winter:
As Phil approaches the farm recommended by the squirrel-cook,
he decides that he has enough experience with horses to
apply for the job of a teamster (p. 304). The manager
tells him that no help is needed since harvest-time is
over. He advises Phil to seek employment in the town nearby.
At least, he is welcome to a good supper in the large
cookhouse. After this, however, he is sent on his way
before nightfall. Phil admits to feeling rather sorry
for himself. Soon he meets a man with a boat, and gets
a ride down the Ohio, bypassing Cincinnati, Ohio (p. 307).
Again, Phil remembers little about this trip. Also, his
tramp south after landing in Vevay, Indiana, "is
a blank in [his] memory." One night, sitting by a
fire on the beach, Phil is joined by the owner of a nearby
house, who not only shelters him in his hayloft for the
night, but also suggests two opportunities for work in
town. Phil follows up on these, and spends fifteen of
his remaining seventeen cents on a haircut for the interviews.
The first option is an office job. The owner asks Phil
to solve a problem in arithmetic for his son's homework.
When Phil does, he objects that Phil has used algebra.
Phil points out, that the problem demanded such algebraic
method, whereupon the owner throws him out as "a
know-it-all." Phil is demoralized, because it seems
to him that he is antagonizing more people than he would
care to admit. Pulling himself together, he goes to see
Heini the miller at his flourmill (p. 316). The dialogue
with this German-American is one of the funniest in all
of Greve/Grove's oeuvre. Heini needs Phil to solve a grave
problem of logistics: he has a coal-yard; he has a team
of mules, "chentle as lambs" (p. 321); he even
has customers in town. But he has nobody to deliver his
merchandise. Phil offers his help as the solution to this
dilemma, and Heini would like to hire him, especially
since Phil refuses to be terrified by Heini's vicious
mules. However, he needs his wife's consent. This "fine
woman" (p. 320) turns out to be a veritable "dragoon"
(p. 311), and with one look, she cuts Phil down to size,
so that he stands "bared of every pretence of respectability"
(p. 322). She does not approve of Phil, and Heini does
not dare hire him.
Note: Phil is strangely anxious to avoid Cincinnati. Twice in
the same paragraph he insists on that point, which makes
it rather suspect, especially since no motive is given.
In his second autobiography, In Search of Myself
(1946), Grove mentions that he paid a visit to the last
of his many alleged sisters in that town, "a widow
of forty, with two children" (ISM, p. 175). Greve
only had one sister, Henny, who was about two years older.
Little is known what became of her. It is possible that
she, or else one of his mother's five sisters lived in
Cincinnati (Spettigue, FPG, p. 27). But why would
Greve's Phil want to avoid his sister or aunt? On the
other hand, a well-justified fear of Else, who became
an artist's model at the Cincinnati School of Art after
Greve left her, would have provided him with an excellent
reason for bypassing this city.
Book
III, Chapter 5, I Become a 'Hand':
Now Phil falls seriously ill. He has a bad cough and a high
fever. The owners of a small farm allow him to stay
in their smokehouse, which is dry at least, if not exactly
warm. The wife brings him some broth, and, hardly aware
what is going on, he is transferred into the family's
modest home (p. 327). By the time Phil has recovered,
he has become very fond of the old physician, Dr. Goodwin,
who has treated him while he was nearly unconscious.
The good doctor works in unison with Nature, and can
therefore relieve Phil's pain much better than two young
and sophisticated rival physicians, who look down on
the outmoded methods of their old-fashioned colleague
(p. 328). On a mild winter day, Dr. Goodwin takes Phil
along on his rounds to poor patients in town or country. As a surprise, he has arranged for Phil to have a small
house of his own, and for getting a job in the
glue-room of the local veneer factory (p. 335).
Book
III, Chapter 6, I Widen My Outlook:
Phil has only good things to say about the management of the
small factory. Needless to say, within three weeks, he
is the boss of the glue-department, takes orders only
from the superintendent, Mr. Warburton, and earns top
wages (p. 338). Phil describes the manager, Mr. Mansfield,
whose shifty eyes have nothing to hide except his exceptional
modesty. This man simply loves his machines, which he
regards as living organisms, and he has passed up several
managerial promotions in order to continue working closely
with them. He is also a voracious reader (p. 338). Then
there is a Russian, who hasn't been in the country for
more than four months, and who is separated from his family
in Russia. The superintendent sends him to buy timber
in Cincinnati, because the Russian has an uncanny ability
to judge the quality of wooden logs with a glance. Phil
teaches him to write and speak English (p. 341). When
spring arrives, Phil has shaped up the three young men
in the glue-room sufficiently to carry on without him,
and he decides that it is time for him to move on to Indianapolis
or Chicago. Before he leaves, he gives Dr. Goodwin four-fifths
of his savings for the benefit of the poor (p. 345). The
chapter closes with lengthy reflections of a philosophical
nature, about society (like Nietzsche,
who is not mentioned by name, Phil sees "born leaders,
and born slaves"), about schooling and education,
about the role of work, and about the need for craftsmen
instead of mere unskilled labourers (p. 346-350).
Book
III, Chapter 7, I Am Kidnapped:
When Phil leaves, it is
May again (p. 352). At his chosen destination, he will
observe the "labourer in the mass," or, presumably
in a fully industrialized setting. He is looking forward
to travelling some 150 miles by foot, like the "journeymen
of old." This time, Phil is welcome anywhere he goes,
because he can present himself as a skilled veneer worker.
He mentions three farms where he found temporary hospitality
in exchange for easy chores. Able now to see "the
big picture," he concludes that the future belongs
to farmers, and that he must study these "real masters
of the world" eventually (p. 356). As he nears Indianapolis,
he dreamily ponders his fortunes. But fate intervenes
with his immediate plans: resting in an open boxcar, he
falls asleep. When he awakes, he is trapped inside a westbound
train. After three miserable days, when he is finally
released, he finds himself in the vicinity of Springfield,
Missouri (p. 359).
Note that, according to the seasonal pointers in the narrative,
Phil's second year is now two months shy of completion!
In reality, Greve/Grove has spent already three years
in America, but he has suppressed his year with Else on
a small farm near Sparta, Kentucky, from his story. The
reference to "journeymen of old" is reminiscent
of the rhymed epic fragment "Konrad, the Builder"
in which Grove draws heavily on Goethe's Faust.
The medieval mason-protagonist journeys as an apprentice
to all the centres of gothic cathedrals along the Rhine
in order to learn his trade (Grove/Greve, Poems/Gedichte,
1993, p. 164-174).
Back
to the Contents of F. P.
Grove's A Search for America, e-Edition 2005
Book
IV, The Level
Motto
by Henry David Thoreau:
"None
can be an impartial or wise observer of human life but
from the vantage ground of what we should call voluntary
poverty."
Book
IV, Chapter 1, I Learn to Beat My Way:
Phil stubbornly sets out again in direction of his initial goal,
Indianapolis. On the way, he becomes a successful "peripatetic
tree-pruner" (p. 367). He even invests part of his
ten-dollar fortune in tools for his newly adopted, itinerant
trade. By the time he has reached St. Louis, he is experiencing,
without knowing it, the metamorphosis from "tramp"
to "hobo," or from an outcast to a romantic
lover of freedom (p. 369). He follows the Osage River
to the confluence of the Missouri. Here he meets the refined
Russian Ivan. This highly unlikely representative of the
hobo community turns out to be an experienced one. He
looks like Titian's portrait of Christ, reminds Phil of Tolstoi's Sergei Ivanovitch,
reads books, speaks perfect English, French and German,
and is as strong as an ox. This marvel of a man teaches
Phil how to ride the trains, and where to make a living
in the west. They team up to go to Kansas City, Council
Bluffs, Omaha, and Sioux City where they leave the Missouri
and turn north towards the Dakotas.
Large numbers of hobos are assembling for the harvest
everywhere they go (p. 383). Like the hellish rush-hours
in the Toronto restaurant, "riding the rods"
of freight trains is equated once again to a "purgatory"
and an "inferno" (p. 381, 382).
Note: The term "peripatetic" is a reference to Aristotle's
reputed way of philosophizing while ambulating about.
It is curious that the French surrealists should fall
back on the same term, and that it also occurs in relation
to the Pre-Raphaelite critic Ruskin. The unveiled references
to Dante may serve as a good example of Grove's "obtrusive
symbolism", as Walter Pache says in his article on
Greve/Grove in Canadian
Writers, 1890-1920 (1990, p. 150). He is also critical of Grove's annoying "didactic explicitness". The
regretted Walter Pache was a renowned Professor of English, American
and Canadian Literature at the universities of Trier and
Augsburg, and one of the first to write about Greve/Grove
in the mid-1970s.
Book
IV, Chapter 2, I Start Work in the Harvest:
At a large hobo
gathering in South Dakota, Ivan decides to work on a huge
Bonanza farm further north (p. 389). At the height of
"Walloh" (= Fargo), the pair set out west for
fifteen miles, and Phil has ample time to reflect, with
"a German philosopher," upon the re-valuation
of values (p. 392). They meet Nelson, the superintendent
of the Bonanza farm, who assigns them to camp 8 for haying,
and sends them to headquarters for registration. Phil
is duly impressed with the unbelievable size of this agricultural
operation, which encompasses up to thirty-thousand acres.
Some of the numerous camps are outposts as far as twenty-five
miles from headquarters. The land was acquired by the
Mackenzie family at ten cents an acre before the railroad
construction, and each acre was now worth fifty dollars
(p. 394). Phil describes the headquarters' compound, with
its blacksmith shop, cement sidewalks, residential areas,
a small park, and "the White House" where the
young owner lives with his widowed mother
(p. 395). At camp 8, conditions
are not quite as luxurious, and the partners sleep in
the hayloft, because the bunkhouse is hopelessly infested
with vermin. Phil finds the physical work hard, but Ivan
makes up for what Phil cannot handle. One day, their foreman
is dismissed for drunkenness, and with his replacement,
trouble develops. The new foreman assaults Phil, Ivan
comes to the rescue, and they both quit (p. 403). Out
of solidarity, forty more hobos are following their example.
Now young Mackenzie steps in and inquires about the commotion.
Phil explains the situation, and is promptly promoted
to the position of "store-boss" which requires
more brains and honesty than strength (p. 405).
Note:
The "Mackenzie" Bonanza farm Grove describes
here with fair accuracy in Chapters 2, 3, & 4 of Book
Four, was in reality the Amenia
& Sharon Land Company near Fargo, North Dakota.
See the introduction for details of this identification
made in early 1996. The reference to values is pointing
to Nietzsche and
his 'Umwertung aller Werte', 1886.
Book
IV, Chapter 3, I Become Acquainted with the Hobo:
Phil describes his new functions, which put him in close contact
with the management (p. 407). Ivan conveniently moves
on to realize his dreams of owning a farm of his own and
raising a family. He can afford to leave tramping behind,
since he has four thousand dollars of savings sewn in
the lining of his coat. Phil, in his new elevated position,
is in charge of opening one of the many outpost camps,
which entails moving provisions, fifteen binders and wagons,
a hundred draft-horses, etc., some twenty-five miles north
from headquarters (p. 413). Phil's admiration for young
Mackenzie is waxing and waning, depending on what the
young millionaire does. Overall, Phil has reason to like
and admire him, for instance, when he helps one of the
harvest hands rejoin his family in an emergency (p. 417),
or when he confiscates liquor smuggled into the infamous
bunkhouse (p. 418). Like a close-up with a camera, Phil
observes minutely the dynamics of a poker-game, played
with high stakes, in this rowdy gathering place. It is
dominated by a disagreeable young engineer from St. Paul,
"who had nothing to recommend him except his never-failing
nerve" (p. 420; he is nameless here, but appears
as "Pat Parker" in ISM, p. 238). In the
description of this game, in which a farmhand loses everything
he owns to the cunning engineer despite far superior cards,
Grove succeeds in conveying the tension of the gripping
scene with merciless realism (p. 421-424). He also drops
a curious hint about the attraction the seedier sides
of life hold for him, and which he describes as a "kind
of fascination, I suppose, which in former years,
had lured me on occasional adventurous trips into the
'dives' of the criminal underworld" (p. 418).
Note: Phil refers to Paris in this context, but for FPG, the
red-light districts in Hamburg and gambling halls in Berlin
are more likely places for such undocumented experiences.
Rumours about Greve's gambling habits were circulating
in November of 1902, when Greve was in Berlin, and kept
Else company when Endell was at work (see UM Archives,
Mss 12, Insel Correspondence; also in Pacey's edition
of Grove's Letters,
p. 522ff).
Book
IV, Chapter 4, I Meet Mother and Son:
The driving-barn, where Phil has his sleeping quarters, is described
in detail. One day, the ill-tempered driving-boss goes
on a drinking-spree, and young Mackenzie asks Phil to
take over his functions. His new, additional duties lie
in the care of magnificent horses, and serving as coachman
for Mackenzie's mother, who is described as a white-haired,
"dowdy old lady" with expensive tastes. She
is fond of charity work and visiting (p. 426/7). On one
occasion, Phil, in uniform, drives her on very short notice
to a church function in the near-by town, demanding the
utmost from the fine horses. Her son usually prefers his
car to the horses. He is on good terms with Phil, who
often accompanies him on bird-shooting excursions. Phil
uses these occasions for some philosophizing, educating
and consciousness-raising, with the promising, immediate
result that the young millionaire has the unsanitary conditions
of the bunkhouse remedied (p. 431). When the harvest ends,
Phil draws his pay and leaves, declining young Mackenzie's
attractive and lucrative offer to stay on as a bookkeeper
(p. 434).
Note: With the alleged telephone connections to the office and
to the residences of young Mackenzie and superintendent
Nelson, Grove is caught on one of several snares he has
laid himself with his invented chronology. Phil's narrated
events allegedly range from 1892 to 1894, and telephone
lines were not established at the Amenia & Sharon
farm headquarters until 1896. The distance of five miles
which is specified on occasion of the unreasonable buggy
ride ordered by the young owner's widowed mother corresponds
neatly to the five miles separating Amenia from Casselton.
Charity work in that town are attested for the real Carrie
Chaffee, who survived the April 1912 Titanic
disaster (see
biographies for her and her husband from the Encyclopedia
Titanica). She is wrongly depicted here as an old
lady. The teaching, or rather, preaching scenes echo faintly
what is known of young Alexander the Great, or Nero, who
had the philosophers Aristotle and Seneca for their respective
tutors. Young Mackenzie's car is yet another of Grove's
"anachronisms" which he so summarily dismissed
in his "Author's
Note" on p. [vi]: one of the first Ford cars
was indeed introduced at Amenia in 1904 by H.
F. Chaffee, father of H.
L. Chaffee who is the model for the young millionaire.
Book
IV, Chapter 5, My Problem Defines Itself, and
I Solve It:
Phil makes a number of sweeping comparisons between Europe
and America, using such opposites as individual versus
social, or historical versus ethical. He clumsily reaches
the conclusion that America's ideals are worth striving
for. In a footnote Grove adds that he has seen these
ideals
"abandoned by the U.S.A.", which is why he
has ultimately opted for becoming a Canadian (p. 436).
On his way north, Phil becomes a teamster at a farm
owned by two lawyers. They also own the livery stable,
the real estate firm, and the farm loans corporation
in the small town. Phil describes how an unfortunate
Finnish immigrant loses the land on which he has slaved
for six long years, because the half-crop payment arrangement
was working to his disadvantage (p. 438/9). Phil, too,
is soon dismissed from the lawyers' farm: he is considered
an "agitator,"
because he has informed the restless harvest hands that
their wages were lower on this particular farm than
anywhere else (p. 444). Phil now falls back on pruning
trees, and one day, he is robbed of a full day's pay
by one of his former employers, the two crooked, but
all-important lawyers. The chief of police orders Phil
to leave town, and he obliges (p. 446). He now takes
up painting sign-posts for one of America's great railroad
companies. This occupation reminds him of young Ray
in New York, and he writes to him, giving Winnipeg as
his anticipated address. His savings from the harvest
season amount to $249.35. He buys a train ticket, relocates
to Winnipeg, has some interviews, and becomes a teacher.
But Phil wants his teaching to be understood in a wider
and nobler sense, since he is instructing other immigrants
in important skills. With the last sentence, the narrator
Phil and the author Grove merge: "And twenty-seven
years after the end of my rambles I published the first
of my few books" (p. 448).
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